TBE Book
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About TBE Book
Gerhard Dobler Wilhelm Erber Michael Bröker Lidia Chitimia-Dobler Heinz-Josef Schmitt Introduction Welcome to the 8th Edition of “The TBE Book” Read More List of contents List of contributing authors TBE milestones List of abbreviations Chapter 1: Tick-borne human diseases around the globe The number of tick-borne diseases is increasing due to the geographical expansion of their tick vectors, higher frequencies of infected ticks, increased awareness of infection, and improved diagnostics. Ticks are vectors of numerous viruses (arboviruses), bacteria, and parasites. Tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) and Lyme disease (LD) are the most common and most widely distributed tick-borne infections in Europe. TBE is also endemic in northern and eastern Asia, while highly endemic areas for LD include the northeastern and north-central United States. Read More Chapter 2: Tick -borne-flavivirus complex: phylography and bio-geography Tick-borne flaviviruses are grouped in the genus Orthoflavivirus of the family Flaviviridae. According to the new taxonomic rules all orthoflaviviruses are named in a binominal way. 12 virus species of the genus Orthoflavivirus belong to the complex of tick-borne orthoflaviviruses, of which 6 are proven human pathogens. Read More Chapter 3a: Early TBE research in the Soviet Union: revisiting the narrative The TBE virus was first isolated in 1937 by the team of Lev Zilber during their expedition to the Soviet Far East (today the Khabarovsk and Primorie regions of Russia). The same expedition also established the connection between the disease and the tick vector. After the isolation of the virus, several studies established numerous older cases of TBE in the Soviet Far East, Siberia, and the Urals dating back to the early 1900s. The first retrospectively diagnosed case was identified by Mikhail Chumakov in Tatarstan and dates back to 1895. A separate line of Soviet research studied Kozhevnikov epilepsy (epilepsia partialis continua), one of the many possible symptoms of TBE and/or TBE sequelae. In 1922 Vladimir Omorokov examined 27 cases of Kozhevnikov epilepsy from Western Siberia and suggested that the infectious agent was linked to the forest and its insects. Read More Chapter 3b: Short history of TBE research and the scientists behind it Tick-borne encephalitis came to the attention of human medicine in the 1920s and 1930s due to economic and political changes in Far Eastern Russia and Central Europe. Russian scientist identified the TBEV in Far Eastern Russia in the 1930s. Czechoslovak scientists in the late 1940s were the first to detect TBEV in Central Europe. Read More Chapter 4: TBE - Virology TBEV is the most medically important member of the tick-borne serocomplex group withinthe genus Orthoflavivirus, family Flaviviridae. Three antigenic subtypes of TBEV correspond to the 3 recognized genotypes: European(TBEV-EU), also known as Western, Far Eastern (TBEV-FE), and Siberian (TBEV-SIB).An additional 2 genotypes have been identified in the Irkutsk region of Russia, currently namedTBE virus Baikalian subtype (TBEV-BKL) and TBE virus Himalayan subtype (Himalayan and “178-79” group; TBEV-HIM). TBEV virions are small enveloped spherical particles about 50 nm in diameter. Read More Chapter 5: TBEV transmission and natural cycles The natural cycle of the TBE virus is dependent on vector ticks and reservoir hosts. There are differing transmission cycles in varying environments, from cold northern coniferous forests to temperate central European forests. Within a natural transmission cycle, there are different ways of transmission - tick-to-tick (transovarial, sexual), host-to-tick (viremic), and tick-to-tick and host-to-host. Read More Chapter 6: Pathogenesis of TBEV diseases In this chapter, we describe the pathogenesis of tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV). To cause infection, TBEV needs to cross three different barriers; the physical, the innate and adaptive, and the blood-brain barrier. TBEV transmission at the skin interface is pro-inflammatory with a marked increase in immune cell infiltrates at the tick-feeding foci. Read More Chapter 7: Immunology of TBEV infection The host immune response to Tickborne Encephalitis Virus (TBEV) infection involves the coordination of multiple immune subsets at several distinct tissue sites over time. Contributions from both early innate and later adaptive immune responses are critical in controlling TBEV infection. Early innate immune responses are driven by Type I interferon-mediated signaling and are dominated by neutrophils and natural killer cells. Read More Chapter 8: TBE in children TBE follows a similar clinical course in children and adults, manifesting mainly as meningitis. However, a broader clinical picture is seen in children, especially in preschool age. Laboratory evaluation may show elevated blood inflammatory indices, but cerebrospinal fluid analysis and anti-TBEV serology are still crucial for establishing the TBE diagnosis. The case fatality in pediatric TBE is overall very low. However, severe cases also occur in the pediatric population. Read More Chapter 9: TBE in adults Tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) is a viral infectious disease in humans that involves the nervous system. Frequently, there is a febrile illness phase 1-21 days before the onset of neurological and neuropsychiatric symptoms. The most common neurological manifestations include meningitis, encephalitis, myelitis, radiculitis, or a combination thereof. Read More Chapter 10: TBE in animals TBEV-infection can cause symptomatic disease in dogs and horses, similar to the TBE in humans. Microbiological confirmation of TBEV infection in animals is similar to diagnostics in humans. Domestic ruminants may serve source of human infection via the alimentary routs (dairy products). Read More Chapter 11: Diagnostic of TBEV infections TBE appears with non-characteristic clinical symptoms, which cannot be distinguished from other forms of viral meningitis encephalitis, or other diseases. Cerebrospinal fluid and neuro-imaging may give some evidence of TBE, but ultimately cannot confirm the diagnosis. Thus, proving the diagnosis “TBE” necessarily requires confirmation of TBEV infection by detection of the virus or by demonstration of specific antibodies from serum and/or cerebrospinal fluid. Read More Chapter 12: Epidemiology of TBE TBE is a flavivirus infection of the central nervous system (CNS), transmitted by ticks and in some rare instances by ingestion of unpasteurized milk It is diagnosed in the Boreal and Temperate Forest Belt of Eurasia ranging from the UK, eastern France, The Netherlands, and Norway down to Italy through central and Eastern Europe, Russia, Kazakhstan, and China to Japan. About 10,000 cases of TBE are
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TBE Book - frequently asked questions
What ecommerce platform does TBE Book use?
TBE Book (tbenews.com) runs on Custom Cart.
How much revenue does TBE Book make?
TBE Book is estimated at $20,836 per month (about $250,038 per year) in online sales, based on traffic and category benchmarks.
How much traffic does TBE Book get?
TBE Book gets an estimated 811 visits per month and 3,002 pageviews, ranking #496,377 among stores tracked.
What technologies does TBE Book use?
TBE Book's stack includes Cloudfront CDN, Complianz, Facebook Messenger Chat Plugin, Facebook SDK, Google Ads Pixel, Google Adsense, Google Analytics, Google Analytics 4, Google Tag Manager, MonsterInsights, Wordpress, Yoast.
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